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AbstractRegulatory behavior and effectiveness in authoritarian settings are subject to alternative characterizations. By tracing enforcement processes through a variety of case studies, this article proposes and refines a new model, at least with respect to energy efficiency regulations in China: authoritarian but responsive. Local rulemaking and operationalization is authoritarian, with strong and coordinative bodies of regulation, strategic plans, and active involvement of local authorities. Local authorities, however, often find themselves facing a welter of laws imposed on companies that create competing priorities for these local officials who then must struggle to find pragmatic solutions. On numerous occasions, such satisficing behavior by local officials makes them responsive to the performance and demands of regulated firms. Embedded in the decentralized authoritarian context, the authoritarian but responsive approach is found to be a rational choice of local governments and different from previous conceptualizations. It helps local governments coordinate across a diverse array of regulatory issues. Drawing on environmental enforcement in China, the model provides consistent explanations for the seemingly changing and discretionary enforcement incidents.

Twenty-five years ago, the Cuyahoga River in Ohio was so contaminated that it caught fire, air pollution in some cities was thick enough to taste, and environmental laws focused on the obvious enemy: large American factories with belching smokestacks and pipes gushing wastes. Federal legislation has succeeded in providing cleaner air and water, but we now confront a different set of environmental problems-less visible and more subtle. This important book offers thought-provoking ideas on how America can respond to changing public health and ecological risks and create sound environmental policy for the future.The innovative thinkers of the Next Generation Project of the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy-experts from business, government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia-propose reforms that balance environmental efforts with other public needs and issues. They call for new foundations for environmental law and policy, adoption of a more diverse set of policy tools and strategies (economic incentives, ecolabels), and new connections between critical sectors (agriculture, energy, transportation, service providers) and environmental policy. Future progress must involve not only officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state environmental protection departments, say the authors, but also decision-makers as diverse as mayors, farmers, energy company executives, and delivery route planners. To be effective, next-generation policy-making will view environmental challenges comprehensively, connect academic theory with practical policy, and bridge the gaps that have caused recent policy debates to break down in rancor. This book begins the process of accomplishing these challenging goals

"Twenty-five years ago, the Cuyahoga River in Ohio was so contaminated that it caught fire, air pollution in some cities was thick enough to taste, and environmental laws focused on the obvious enemy: large American factories with belching smokestacks and pipes gushing wastes. Federal legislation has succeeded in providing cleaner air and water, but we now confront a different set of environmental problems--less visible and more subtle. This important book offers thought-provoking ideas on how America can respond to changing public health and ecological risks and create sound environmental policy for the future. The innovative thinkers of the Next Generation Project of the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy--experts from business, government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia--propose reforms that balance environmental efforts with other public needs and issues. They call for new foundations for environmental law and policy, adoption of a more diverse set of policy tools and strategies (economic incentives, ecolabels), and new connections between critical sectors (agriculture, energy, transportation, service providers) and environmental policy. Future progress must involve not only officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state environmental protection departments, say the authors, but also decision-makers as diverse as mayors, farmers, energy company executives, and delivery route planners. To be effective, next-generation policy-making will view environmental challenges comprehensively, connect academic theory with practical policy, and bridge the gaps that have caused recent policy debates to break down in rancor. This book begins the process of accomplishing these challenging goals"--

In 2015, the United Nations General assembly adopted a set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), including goals to further reduce poverty, hunger and inequality and to improve education, health, cities, economic wellbeing, environmental conditions and access to water and energy. Science, technology and innovation (STI) will play critical roles if these connected SDGs are to be achieved. This book provides an interdisciplinary lens to understand the potential roles and contributions of STI in meeting the SDGs, and the challenges and requirements for that to occur. Its three main sections address these issues for energy and environment, health, and agriculture. In 26 chapters by 71 authors from 18 countries, the book covers a multitude of pressing problems and current opportunities, with an emphasis on the role of STI in developing countries.

What can science, technology and innovation offer in the achievement of sustainable development goals? / Ademola A. Adenle, Marian Chertow, Ellen H.M. Moors and David J. Pannell -- Learning to innovate : the global institutions for biodiversity innovation in the sustainable development goals / Casey Stevens -- Energy technologies for sustainable development goal / Govinda Timilsina and Kalim U. Shah -- Linking solar energy systems to sustainable development goals in Africa : recent findings from Kenya and South Africa / Ademola A. Adenle -- Comparing renewable energy micro-grids in Cambodia, Indonesia and Laos : a technological innovation systems approach / Tobias S. Schmidt, Nicola U. Blum and Catharina R. Bening -- Fostering sustainable development goals through an integrated approach : phasing-in green energy technologies in India and China / René Kemp, Babette Never and Serdar Türkeli -- Financing environmental science and technological innovation to meet sustainable development goals in Brazil / Mariana Machado and Carlos Eduardo F. Young -- The systems science of industrial ecology : tools and strategies toward meeting the sustainable development goals / Marian R. Chertow, Koichi S. Kanaoka, T. Reed Miller, Peter Berrill, Paul Wolfram, Niko Heeren and Tomer Fishman -- Automated vehicles and sustainable cities : a realistic outlook to 2030 / Rui Wang and Christopher Oster -- The role of technology and rebound effects in the success of the sustainable development goals framework / David Font Vivanco and Tamar Makov -- Vaccine innovation and global sustainability : governance challenges for sustainable development goals / Cristina Possas, R.M. Martins and Akira Homma -- The role of development-focused health technology assessment in optimising science, technology and innovation to achieve sustainable development goal 3? / Janet Bouttell, Eleanor Grieve and Neil Hawkins -- Anti-malarial drug development and diffusion in an era of multi-drug resistance : how can an integrated health framework contribute to sustainable development goal? / Freek de Haan and Ellen H.M. Moors -- Digital health : how can it facilitate progress on meeting sustainable development goals in China? / Simon K. Poon, Yiren Liu, Ruihua Guo and Mu Li -- Responsive and responsible science, technology and innovation for global health / Nora Engel, Agnes Meershoek and Anja Krumeich -- A systemic perspective on the global sanitation challenge--insights from socio-technical dynamics in Nairobi's informal settlements / Mara J. van Welie and Bernhard Truffer -- The role of animal-source foods in sustainable, ethical and optimal human diets / Julia de Bruyn, Brigitte Bagnol, Hilary H. Chan, Delia Grace, Marisa E.V. Mitchell, Michael J. Nunn, Kate Wingett, Johanna T. Wong and Robyn G. Alders -- Optimal nitrogen management for meeting sustainable development goal 2 / Kshama Harpankar -- Adoption of integrated crop management technology for poverty reduction and food security : the case of smallholder rice production in Timor Leste / Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen, Renato Villano, Marcolino Fernandes E. Brito, J. Brian Hardaker, and John Dixon -- Two decades of GMOs : how modern agricultural biotechnology can help meet SDGs / Ademola A. Adenle, Hans De Steur, Kathleen Hefferon and Justus Wesseler -- Farmer-prioritized climate-smart agriculture technologies : implications for achieving sustainable development goals in East Africa / Caroline Mwongera, Chris M. Mwungu, Leigh Winowiecki, Peter Läderach, Mercy Lungaho, Kelvin M. Shikuku and Steve Twomlow -- Toward sustainable agri-food systems in Brazil : the soybean production complex as a case study / Cecilia G. Flocco -- Transformation governance for sustainable development : making science, technology and innovation work for small-scale fisheries / Karin Wedig -- Value network analysis for (re)organizing business models towards the sustainable development goals : the case of the agricultural commodity exchange in Malawi / Domenico Dentoni, Laurens Klerkx, and Felix Krussmann -- Making scale work for sustainable development : a framework for responsible scaling of agricultural innovations / Seerp Wigboldus, Laurens Klerkx and Cees Leeuwis -- Conclusions and future policies for meeting the sustainable development goals / Ademola A. Adenle, Marian Chertow, Ellen H.M. Moors and David J. Pannell.